Added requirements to project file

migrations/env.py

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ def run_migrations_offline() -> None:
         target_metadata=target_metadata,
         literal_binds=True,
         dialect_opts={'paramstyle': 'named'},
+        render_as_batch=True,
     )
 
     with context.begin_transaction():
@@ -55,7 +56,11 @@ def run_migrations_offline() -> None:
 
 
 def do_run_migrations(connection: Connection) -> None:
-    context.configure(connection=connection, target_metadata=target_metadata)
+    context.configure(
+        connection=connection,
+        target_metadata=target_metadata,
+        render_as_batch=True,
+    )
 
     with context.begin_transaction():
         context.run_migrations()

migrations/versions/b8cbc6957df5_renamed_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""Renamed keys
+
+Revision ID: b8cbc6957df5
+Revises: a8d8e45f60a1
+Create Date: 2025-09-12 22:26:38.684120
+
+"""
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+import sqlmodel
+
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision: str = 'b8cbc6957df5'
+down_revision: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = 'a8d8e45f60a1'
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Upgrade schema."""
+    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
+    with op.batch_alter_table('bookmark', schema=None) as batch_op:
+        batch_op.drop_constraint(batch_op.f('bookmark_user'), type_='foreignkey')
+        batch_op.alter_column('userkey', new_column_name='user_key')
+        batch_op.create_foreign_key('bookmark_user', 'user', ['user_key'], ['key'])
+
+    with op.batch_alter_table('publictag', schema=None) as batch_op:
+        batch_op.drop_constraint(batch_op.f('publictag_user'), type_='foreignkey')
+        batch_op.alter_column('userkey', new_column_name='user_key')
+        batch_op.alter_column('tagkey', new_column_name='tag_key')
+        batch_op.create_foreign_key('publictag_user', 'user', ['user_key'], ['key'])
+
+    # ### end Alembic commands ###
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Downgrade schema."""
+    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
+    with op.batch_alter_table('publictag', schema=None) as batch_op:
+        batch_op.drop_constraint(batch_op.f('publictag_user'), type_='foreignkey')
+        batch_op.alter_column('user_key', new_column_name='userkey')
+        batch_op.alter_column('tag_key', new_column_name='tagkey')
+        batch_op.create_foreign_key('publictag_user', 'user', ['userkey'], ['key'])
+
+    with op.batch_alter_table('bookmark', schema=None) as batch_op:
+        batch_op.drop_constraint(batch_op.f('bookmark_user'), type_='foreignkey')
+        batch_op.alter_column('user_key', new_column_name='userkey')
+        batch_op.create_foreign_key('bookmark_user', 'user', ['userkey'], ['key'])
+
+    # ### end Alembic commands ###

pyproject.toml

@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ classifiers = [
 dependencies = [
     "importlib-metadata; python_version<'3.8'",
     "fastapi[all]",
+    "sqlmodel",
+    "alembic",
+    "aiosqlite",
     "pydantic>2.0",
-    "requests",
+    "httpx",
-    "bs4",
+    "beautifulsoup4",
-    "feedgen"
+    "extract_favicon",
+    "feedgen",
 ]
 # dynamic = ["version"]
 

src/digimarks/bookmarks_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""Bookmark helper functions, like content scrapers, favicon extractor, updater functions."""
+
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
+
+import bs4
+import httpx
+from extract_favicon import from_html
+from fastapi import Request
+from pydantic import AnyUrl
+
+from src.digimarks import tags_helpers
+from src.digimarks.models import Bookmark
+
+DIGIMARKS_USER_AGENT = 'digimarks/2.0.0-dev'
+
+
+def get_favicon(html_content: str, root_url: str) -> str:
+    """Fetch the favicon from `html_content` using `root_url`."""
+    favicons = from_html(html_content, root_url=root_url, include_fallbacks=True)
+    for favicon in favicons:
+        print(favicon.url, favicon.width, favicon.height)
+    # TODO: save the preferred image to file and return
+
+
+async def set_information_from_source(logger, bookmark: Bookmark, request: Request) -> Bookmark:
+    """Request the title by requesting the source url."""
+    logger.info('Extracting information from url %s', bookmark.url)
+    try:
+        result = await request.app.requests_client.get(bookmark.url, headers={'User-Agent': DIGIMARKS_USER_AGENT})
+        bookmark.http_status = result.status_code
+    except httpx.HTTPError as err:
+        # For example, "MissingSchema: Invalid URL 'abc': No schema supplied. Perhaps you meant http://abc?"
+        logger.error('Exception when trying to retrieve title for %s. Error: %s', bookmark.url, str(err))
+        bookmark.http_status = 404
+        bookmark.title = ''
+        return bookmark
+    if bookmark.http_status == 200 or bookmark.http_status == 202:
+        html = bs4.BeautifulSoup(result.text, 'html.parser')
+        try:
+            bookmark.title = html.title.text.strip()
+        except AttributeError:
+            bookmark.title = ''
+
+        url_parts = urlparse(str(bookmark.url))
+        root_url = url_parts.scheme + '://' + url_parts.netloc
+        favicon = get_favicon(result.text, root_url)
+        # filename = os.path.join(settings.media_dir, 'favicons/', domain + file_extension)
+        # with open(filename, 'wb') as out_file:
+        #     shutil.copyfileobj(response.raw, out_file)
+
+    # Extraction was successful
+    logger.info('Extracting information was successful')
+    return bookmark
+
+
+def strip_url_params(url: str) -> str:
+    """Strip URL params from URL.
+
+    :param url: URL to strip URL params from.
+    :return: clean URL
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+    return urlunparse((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, parsed.path, parsed.params, '', parsed.fragment))
+
+
+def update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark: Bookmark, request: Request, strip_params: bool = False):
+    """Automatically update title, favicon, etc."""
+    if not bookmark.title:
+        # Title was empty, automatically fetch it from the url, will also update the status code
+        set_information_from_source(bookmark, request)
+
+    if strip_params:
+        # Strip URL parameters, e.g., tracking params
+        bookmark.url = AnyUrl(strip_url_params(str(bookmark.url)))
+
+    # Sort and deduplicate tags
+    tags_helpers.set_tags(bookmark, bookmark.tags)

src/digimarks/main.py

@@ -1,32 +1,26 @@
 """digimarks main module."""
 
-import binascii
-import hashlib
 import logging
-import os
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from typing import Annotated, Sequence, Type
-from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 
-import bs4
 import httpx
-from extract_favicon import from_html
 from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query, Request
 from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
 from fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse
 from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles
 from fastapi.templating import Jinja2Templates
-from pydantic import AnyUrl, DirectoryPath, FilePath
+from pydantic import DirectoryPath, FilePath
 from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
 from sqlmodel import desc, select
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
+from src.digimarks import bookmarks_helpers, tags_helpers, utils
 from src.digimarks.models import DEFAULT_THEME, Bookmark, User, Visibility
 
-DIGIMARKS_USER_AGENT = 'digimarks/2.0.0-dev'
 DIGIMARKS_VERSION = '2.0.0a1'
 
 
@@ -77,6 +71,7 @@ app.mount('/static', StaticFiles(directory=settings.static_dir), name='static')
 app.mount('/content/favicons', StaticFiles(directory=settings.favicons_dir), name='favicons')
 templates = Jinja2Templates(directory=settings.template_dir)
 
+# Set up logging
 logger = logging.getLogger('digimarks')
 if settings.debug:
     logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
@@ -91,61 +86,6 @@ app.add_middleware(
 )
 
 
-def i_filter_false(predicate, iterable):
-    """Filter an iterable if predicate returns True.
-
-    i_filter_false(lambda x: x%2, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8
-    """
-    if predicate is None:
-        predicate = bool
-    for x in iterable:
-        if not predicate(x):
-            yield x
-
-
-def unique_ever_seen(iterable, key=None):
-    """List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen.
-
-    unique_ever_seen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
-    unique_ever_seen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
-    """
-    seen = set()
-    seen_add = seen.add
-    if key is None:
-        for element in i_filter_false(seen.__contains__, iterable):
-            seen_add(element)
-            yield element
-    else:
-        for element in iterable:
-            k = key(element)
-            if k not in seen:
-                seen_add(k)
-                yield element
-
-
-def clean_tags(tags_list: list) -> list:
-    """Generate a unique list of the tags.
-
-    :param list tags_list: List with all tags
-    :return: deduplicated list of the tags, without leading or trailing whitespace
-    :rtype: list
-    """
-    tags_res = [x.strip() for x in tags_list]
-    tags_res = list(unique_ever_seen(tags_res))
-    tags_res.sort()
-    if tags_res and tags_res[0] == '':
-        del tags_res[0]
-    return tags_res
-
-
-def list_tags_for_bookmarks(bookmarks: list) -> list:
-    """Generate a unique list of the tags from the list of bookmarks."""
-    tags = []
-    for bookmark in bookmarks:
-        tags += bookmark.tags_list
-    return clean_tags(tags)
-
-
 def file_type(filename: str) -> str:
     """Try to determine the file type for the file in `filename`.
 
@@ -165,91 +105,6 @@ def file_type(filename: str) -> str:
     return 'no match'
 
 
-def generate_hash(input_text: str) -> str:
-    """Generate a hash from string `input`, e.g., for a URL."""
-    return hashlib.md5(input_text.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
-
-
-def generate_key() -> str:
-    """Generate a key to be used for a user or tag."""
-    return str(binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(24)))
-
-
-def get_favicon(html_content: str, root_url: str) -> str:
-    """Fetch the favicon from `html_content` using `root_url`."""
-    favicons = from_html(html_content, root_url=root_url, include_fallbacks=True)
-    for favicon in favicons:
-        print(favicon.url, favicon.width, favicon.height)
-    # TODO: save the preferred image to file and return
-
-
-async def set_information_from_source(bookmark: Bookmark, request: Request) -> Bookmark:
-    """Request the title by requesting the source url."""
-    logger.info('Extracting information from url %s', bookmark.url)
-    try:
-        result = await request.app.requests_client.get(bookmark.url, headers={'User-Agent': DIGIMARKS_USER_AGENT})
-        bookmark.http_status = result.status_code
-    except httpx.HTTPError as err:
-        # For example, 'MissingSchema: Invalid URL 'abc': No schema supplied. Perhaps you meant http://abc?'
-        logger.error('Exception when trying to retrieve title for %s. Error: %s', bookmark.url, str(err))
-        bookmark.http_status = 404
-        bookmark.title = ''
-        return bookmark
-    if bookmark.http_status == 200 or bookmark.http_status == 202:
-        html = bs4.BeautifulSoup(result.text, 'html.parser')
-        try:
-            bookmark.title = html.title.text.strip()
-        except AttributeError:
-            bookmark.title = ''
-
-        url_parts = urlparse(str(bookmark.url))
-        root_url = url_parts.scheme + '://' + url_parts.netloc
-        favicon = get_favicon(result.text, root_url)
-        # filename = os.path.join(settings.media_dir, 'favicons/', domain + file_extension)
-        # with open(filename, 'wb') as out_file:
-        #     shutil.copyfileobj(response.raw, out_file)
-
-    # Extraction was successful
-    logger.info('Extracting information was successful')
-    return bookmark
-
-
-def set_tags(bookmark: Bookmark, new_tags: str) -> None:
-    """Set tags from `tags`, strip and sort them.
-
-    :param Bookmark bookmark: Bookmark to modify
-    :param str new_tags: New tags to sort and set.
-    """
-    tags_split = new_tags.split(',')
-    tags_clean = clean_tags(tags_split)
-    bookmark.tags = ','.join(tags_clean)
-
-
-def strip_url_params(url: str) -> str:
-    """Strip URL params from URL.
-
-    :param url: URL to strip URL params from.
-    :return: clean URL
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-    parsed = urlparse(url)
-    return urlunparse((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, parsed.path, parsed.params, '', parsed.fragment))
-
-
-def update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark: Bookmark, request: Request, strip_params: bool = False):
-    """Automatically update title, favicon, etc."""
-    if not bookmark.title:
-        # Title was empty, automatically fetch it from the url, will also update the status code
-        set_information_from_source(bookmark, request)
-
-    if strip_params:
-        # Strip URL parameters, e.g., tracking params
-        bookmark.url = AnyUrl(strip_url_params(str(bookmark.url)))
-
-    # Sort and deduplicate tags
-    set_tags(bookmark, bookmark.tags)
-
-
 @app.get('/', response_class=HTMLResponse)
 @app.head('/', response_class=HTMLResponse)
 def index(request: Request):
@@ -293,7 +148,8 @@ async def list_users(
     if system_key != settings.system_key:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404)
 
-    users = session.exec(select(User).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
+    result = await session.exec(select(User).offset(offset).limit(limit))
+    users = result.all()
     return users
 
 
@@ -304,10 +160,10 @@ async def list_bookmarks(
     offset: int = 0,
     limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=10000)] = 100,
 ) -> list[Bookmark]:
-    """List all bookmarks in the database. By default 100 items are returned."""
+    """List all bookmarks in the database. By default, 100 items are returned."""
     result = await session.exec(
         select(Bookmark)
-        .where(Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
+        .where(Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
         .offset(offset)
         .limit(limit)
     )
@@ -324,11 +180,10 @@ async def get_bookmark(
     """Show bookmark details."""
     result = await session.exec(
         select(Bookmark).where(
-            Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.url_hash == url_hash, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED
+            Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.url_hash == url_hash, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED
         )
     )
     bookmark = result.first()
-    # bookmark = session.get(Bookmark, {'url_hash': url_hash, 'userkey': user_key})
     return bookmark
 
 
@@ -341,15 +196,15 @@ async def autocomplete_bookmark(
     strip_params: bool = False,
 ):
     """Autofill some fields for this (new) bookmark for user `user_key`."""
-    bookmark.userkey = user_key
+    bookmark.user_key = user_key
 
     # Auto-fill title, fix tags etc.
-    update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark, request, strip_params)
+    bookmarks_helpers.update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark, request, strip_params)
 
-    url_hash = generate_hash(str(bookmark.url))
+    url_hash = utils.generate_hash(str(bookmark.url))
     result = await session.exec(
         select(Bookmark).where(
-            Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.url_hash == url_hash, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED
+            Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.url_hash == url_hash, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED
         )
     )
     bookmark_db = result.first()
@@ -370,11 +225,11 @@ async def add_bookmark(
     strip_params: bool = False,
 ):
     """Add new bookmark for user `user_key`."""
-    bookmark.userkey = user_key
+    bookmark.user_key = user_key
 
     # Auto-fill title, fix tags etc.
-    update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark, request, strip_params)
+    bookmarks_helpers.update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark, request, strip_params)
-    bookmark.url_hash = generate_hash(str(bookmark.url))
+    bookmark.url_hash = utils.generate_hash(str(bookmark.url))
 
     session.add(bookmark)
     await session.commit()
@@ -394,7 +249,7 @@ async def update_bookmark(
     """Update existing bookmark `bookmark_key` for user `user_key`."""
     result = await session.exec(
         select(Bookmark).where(
-            Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.url_hash == url_hash, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED
+            Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.url_hash == url_hash, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED
         )
     )
     bookmark_db = result.first()
@@ -409,11 +264,11 @@ async def update_bookmark(
     bookmark_db.sqlmodel_update(bookmark_data)
 
     # Autofill title, fix tags, etc. where (still) needed
-    update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark, request, strip_params)
+    bookmarks_helpers.update_bookmark_with_info(bookmark, request, strip_params)
 
     session.add(bookmark_db)
-    session.commit()
+    await session.commit()
-    session.refresh(bookmark_db)
+    await session.refresh(bookmark_db)
     return bookmark_db
 
 
@@ -424,14 +279,14 @@ async def delete_bookmark(
     url_hash: str,
 ):
     """(Soft)Delete bookmark `bookmark_key` for user `user_key`."""
-    result = await session.get(Bookmark, {'url_hash': url_hash, 'userkey': user_key})
+    result = await session.get(Bookmark, {'url_hash': url_hash, 'user_key': user_key})
     bookmark = result
     if not bookmark:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail='Bookmark not found')
     bookmark.deleted_date = datetime.now(UTC)
     bookmark.status = Visibility.DELETED
     session.add(bookmark)
-    session.commit()
+    await session.commit()
     return {'ok': True}
 
 
@@ -443,13 +298,13 @@ async def bookmarks_changed_since(
     """Last update on server, so the (browser) client knows whether to fetch an update."""
     result = await session.exec(
         select(Bookmark)
-        .where(Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
+        .where(Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
         .order_by(desc(Bookmark.modified_date))
     )
     latest_modified_bookmark = result.first()
     result = await session.exec(
         select(Bookmark)
-        .where(Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
+        .where(Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
         .order_by(desc(Bookmark.created_date))
     )
     latest_created_bookmark = result.first()
@@ -471,24 +326,24 @@ async def list_tags_for_user(
 ) -> list[str]:
     """List all tags in use by the user."""
     result = await session.exec(
-        select(Bookmark).where(Bookmark.userkey == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
+        select(Bookmark).where(Bookmark.user_key == user_key, Bookmark.status != Visibility.DELETED)
     )
     bookmarks = result.all()
     tags = []
     for bookmark in bookmarks:
         tags += bookmark.tag_list
-    return clean_tags(tags)
+    return tags_helpers.clean_tags(tags)
 
 
 @app.get('/api/v1/{user_key}/tags/{tag_key}')
-async def list_tags_for_user(
+async def list_bookmarks_for_tag_for_user(
     session: SessionDep,
     user_key: str,
 ) -> list[str]:
     """List all tags in use by the user."""
-    result = await session.exec(select(Bookmark).where(Bookmark.userkey == user_key))
+    result = await session.exec(select(Bookmark).where(Bookmark.user_key == user_key))
     bookmarks = result.all()
-    return list_tags_for_bookmarks(bookmarks)
+    return tags_helpers.list_tags_for_bookmarks(bookmarks)
 
 
 @app.get('/{user_key}', response_class=HTMLResponse)

src/digimarks/models.py

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+"""Models for digimarks.
+
+Contains the bookmarks administration, users, tags, public tags and more.
+"""
+
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from http import HTTPStatus
 from typing import Optional, Type, TypeVar
@@ -25,6 +30,7 @@ class Visibility:
 
     VISIBLE = 0
     DELETED = 1
+    HIDDEN = 2
 
 
 # Type var used for building custom types for the DB
@@ -66,12 +72,12 @@ class Bookmark(SQLModel, table=True):
     __tablename__ = 'bookmark'
 
     id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
-    userkey: str = Field(foreign_key='user.key')
+    user_key: str = Field(foreign_key='user.key', nullable=False)
-    title: str = Field(default='')
+    title: str = Field(default='', nullable=False)
     url: AnyUrl = Field(default='', sa_type=build_custom_type(AnyUrl))
     note: str = Field(default='', nullable=True)
     # image: str = Field(default='')
-    url_hash: str = Field(default='')
+    url_hash: str = Field(default='', nullable=False)
     tags: str = Field(default='')
     starred: bool = Field(default=False)
 
@@ -101,7 +107,7 @@ class PublicTag(SQLModel, table=True):
     __tablename__ = 'publictag'
 
     id: int = Field(primary_key=True)
-    tagkey: str
+    tag_key: str
-    userkey: str = Field(foreign_key='user.key')
+    user_key: str = Field(foreign_key='user.key')
     tag: str
     created_date: datetime = Field(default=datetime.now(UTC))

src/digimarks/tags_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""Helper functions for tags used with Bookmark models."""
+
+from sqlalchemy import Sequence
+
+from src.digimarks.models import Bookmark
+
+
+def i_filter_false(predicate, iterable):
+    """Filter an iterable if predicate returns True.
+
+    i_filter_false(lambda x: x%2, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8
+    """
+    if predicate is None:
+        predicate = bool
+    for x in iterable:
+        if not predicate(x):
+            yield x
+
+
+def unique_ever_seen(iterable, key=None):
+    """List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen.
+
+    unique_ever_seen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
+    unique_ever_seen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
+    """
+    seen = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if key is None:
+        for element in i_filter_false(seen.__contains__, iterable):
+            seen_add(element)
+            yield element
+    else:
+        for element in iterable:
+            k = key(element)
+            if k not in seen:
+                seen_add(k)
+                yield element
+
+
+def clean_tags(tags_list: list) -> list[str]:
+    """Generate a unique list of the tags.
+
+    :param list tags_list: List with all tags
+    :return: deduplicated list of the tags, without leading or trailing whitespace
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    tags_res = [x.strip() for x in tags_list]
+    tags_res = list(unique_ever_seen(tags_res))
+    tags_res.sort()
+    if tags_res and tags_res[0] == '':
+        del tags_res[0]
+    return tags_res
+
+
+def list_tags_for_bookmarks(bookmarks: Sequence[Bookmark]) -> list[str]:
+    """Generate a unique list of the tags from the list of bookmarks."""
+    tags = []
+    for bookmark in bookmarks:
+        tags += bookmark.tags_list
+    return clean_tags(tags)
+
+
+def set_tags(bookmark: Bookmark, new_tags: str) -> None:
+    """Set tags from `tags`, strip and sort them.
+
+    :param Bookmark bookmark: Bookmark to modify
+    :param str new_tags: New tags to sort and set.
+    """
+    tags_split = new_tags.split(',')
+    tags_clean = clean_tags(tags_split)
+    bookmark.tags = ','.join(tags_clean)

src/digimarks/utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""General utility functions."""
+
+import binascii
+import hashlib
+import os
+
+
+def generate_hash(input_text: str) -> str:
+    """Generate a hash from string `input`, e.g., for a URL."""
+    return hashlib.md5(input_text.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+
+
+def generate_key() -> str:
+    """Generate a key to be used for a user or tag."""
+    return str(binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(24)))